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Table of Contents
RAAF Meteorological Service

Foreword

Introduction

Chapter 1: The Weather Factor in Warfare

Chapter 2: Establishing and Developing the RAAF Directorate of Met. Services (D.Met.S)

Chapter 3: Recruiting and Training of Personnel

Chapter 4: Meteorology in Aviation

Chapter 5: The Met. Retreating

Chapter 6: The Met. Advancing

Chapter 7: The Met With the Army and the Navy

Chapter 8: Divisional Offices of the Bureau of Meteorology During the War

Chapter 9: Research and Instrumental Development

Chapter 10: The End, Aftermath, and Beyond

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Index
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The Story of the RAAF Meteorological Service - References

1. Fahey, Major J. M., Air Corps Military Review. (USA). April 1947, pp. 35. [Return to page 209]

2. Extracts from File 40/1015/46—Memo from D.C.A.S., Department of Air to D.Met.S. (9 April 1946) [Return to page 209]

3. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Four (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958 [Return to page 209]

4. Personal Communication by former Group-Captain C. R. Caldwell, DSO, DFC, Polish Cross of Valour, 19 November 1982. [Return to page 212]

5. Gibbs, W. J., A Perspective of Australian Meteorology 1939–1978. Ausralian Meteorological Magazine, 30: 1 March 1982. [Return to page 212]

6. 'Isallobars'—lines on a weather chart which join places showing equal barometric tendency, ie. 'rising', 'falling', 'steady'. Thus an isallobar would join all places in an area that show a change of +2 millibars, another -1 millibars, and so on. Positive figures are usually shown in blue, negative in red. [Return to page 213]

7. A fuller description of the Tropical Weather Research Bulletin appears in Chapter Nine of this work. [Return to page 213]

8. Personal Communication from J. N. McRae, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 214] [Return to page 267]

9. Personal Communication from R. Birtwistle, January 1981. [Return to page 215]

10. Mellor, D. P., Australian in the War of 1939–1945, Series Four (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958 [Return to page 216]

11. Personal communication from Steve Lloyd, 19 December 1981. [Return to page 217]

12. Personal Communication from Don Fifer, December 1981. [Return to page 218]

13. Personal Communication from Don Fifer, December 1981. [Return to page 218]

14. Personal communications from Messrs. Steve Lloyd and Don Fifer in December 1981. [Return to page 219]

15. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series Four (Civil). Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 221]

16. The term 'ANDUS' was derived from the Australian, New Zealand, Dutch and US forces who used the codes. The code was worked by Wing-Commander H. E. Camm and W. S. Watt. It went into operation on 15 November 1941. [Return to page 225]

17. 'COMSOWESPACFOR': Command South-West Pacific Forces. [Return to page 228]

18. Notes derived from historical records—Head Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne. [Return to page 230]

19. Personal communication from Miss K. G. Atherton, 23 February 1982. [Return to page 236]

20. Personal communication from Miss K. G. Atherton, 5 June 1982. [Return to page 237]

21. Personal communication from Miss K. G. Atherton, 5 June 1982. [Return to page 237]

22. Personal communication from Mrs Florence Hall, August 1982. [Return to page 237]

23. Personal communication from Mrs D. Wilkinson, 1982. [Return to page 238]

24. Assessments from RAAF Met. files now held in Australian Archives, Mitchell, ACT. [Return to page 239]

25. Personal communication from R Shinkfield, 6 November 1982. [Return to page 242]

26. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Four (Civil), Australin War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 245]

27. Personal Communication from R. Shinkfield, 6 November 1982 [Return to page 246]

28. Personal communication from Miss K. G. Atherton, 5 June 1982. [Return to page 247]

29. From NW Area—New Guinea, RAAF File 264—The Beaufighter in North-Western Area—November 1942 to July 1943. [Return to page 247]

30. Stand To—January-March 1966. [Return to page 248]

31. O.G. Heffernan in Stand To—January-March 1966. [Return to page 249]

32. Personal communications from E. Read, 12 May 1981 and 18 May 1981. [Return to page 250]

33. Personal communications from E. Read, 12 May 1981 and 18 May 1981. [Return to page 251]

34. Personal communication from B. Eaton, 16 March 1981 [Return to page 252]

35. Personal communication from B. Eaton, 16 March 1981 [Return to page 253]

36. From author's diary. [Return to page 254]

37. Personal communication from former Group-Captain C. R. Caldwell. [Return to page 256]

38. Personal communication from R. Birtwistle, 18 August 1981. [Return to page 256]

39. Personal communication from R. Shinkfield, 6 November 1982. [Return to page 256]

40. Personal communication from R. Cresswell (undated, 1981.) [Return to page 257]

41. Personal communication from R. Barnes, 2 November 1981. [Return to page 259]

42. Personal communication by Bruce Webber, former Meteorological Assistant, RAAF, 12 December 1980. [Return to page 259]

43. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 261]

44. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, Melbourne, 1981. [Return to page 261]

45. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, Melbourne, 1981. [Return to page 262]

46. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, Melbourne, 1981. [Return to page 262]

47. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, Melbourne, 1981. [Return to page 263]

48. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, Melbourne, 1981. [Return to page 264]

49. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 267]

50. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 267]

51. Personal Communication from Len Bourke, 17 September 1981. [Return to page 268]

52. TV Times—Volume 1, No. 21, January 27—February 2, Adelaide 1950. [Return to page 268]

53. TV Times—Volume 1, No. 21, January 27—February 2, Adelaide 1950. [Return to page 268]

54. TV Times—Volume 1, No. 21, January 27—February 2, Adelaide 1950. [Return to page 269]

55. TV Times—Volume 1, No. 21, January 27—February 2, Adelaide 1950. [Return to page 270]

56. Batten, P., Western Australian Mirror, 12 February 1944. [Return to page 270]

57. TV Times—Volume 1, No. 21, Adelaide, 1950. [Return to page 271]

58. Batten, P., Western Australian Mirror, 12 February 1944. [Return to page 272]

59. From Saturday Evening Post, USA (Undated). [Return to page 276]

60. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 280]

61. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, Melbourne, January 1981. [Return to page 280]

62. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Five (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 282]

63. Mellor, D. p., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Five (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 283]

64. From Squadron-Leader C. E. Tobin—'Mud' in Victory Roll, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1943. [Return to page 284]

65. Special order issued by Air Vice-Marshel W. Bostock, CB DSO OBE Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command. [Return to page 284]

66. Odgers, G. J. Flying-Officer, Summary of the RAAF Part in Air Operations in South West Pacific, 1943–1945—Reported to RAAF Command, 1943. [Return to page 285]

67. Personal communication from Cyril Coombs, 8 January 1981. [Return to page 287]

68. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, January 1981. [Return to page 288]

69. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, January 1981. [Return to page 288]

70. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, January 1 [Return to page 288]

71. Personal communication from A. K. Hannay, 2 December 1981. [Return to page 290]

72. 'Troppo' was a term in universal use amongst the Australian armed forces. It denoted a kind of madness which affected personnel who had been serving overlong in the tropics. [Return to page 290]

73. Personal communicatiob from W. J. Gibbs, January 1981 [Return to page 291]

74. Personal communication from A. K. hannay, 24 May 1981 and 2 December 1981 [Return to page 292]

75. Personal communication from A. Shields, Brisbane, March 1981. [Return to page 292]

76. Personal communication from G. O'Mahoney, Brisbane, March 1981. [Return to page 293]

77. Further reference to the trans-Indian Ocean route is made in Chapter Eight. [Return to page 293]

78. Personal Communication from A. Martin, 1 September 1981. [Return to page 295]

79. File 42—1377, Part II—Mobile Meteorological Units, Australian Archives, Middle Brighton, Victoria [Return to page 296]

80. A 'meteor' was the ballistic information supplied by a MMF to the artillery. These were communicated as urgent telegrams. [Return to page 296]

81. 'Ballistics'—the science or study of the motion of projectiles, such as bullets, shells, bombs, and rockets, proceeding under no power, and acted upon only by gravitational forces and the resistance of the medium through which they pass, such as the winds and temperatures of the atmosphere. [Return to page 297]

82. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Four (Civil), Australian War Memoial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 298]

83. Wings, Volume 6, No. 4, 15 February 1946, p. 4. [Return to page 299]

84. Personal communication from R. Barnes, 2 November 1981. [Return to page 300]

85. Personal communication from Bob Manson, 6 May 1981. [Return to page 301]

86. Wings, Volume 6, No. 4, 15 February 1946, pp. 1-4. [Return to page 304]

87. Personal communication from A. W. Mares, 20 February 1981. [Return to page 308]

88. Information from historical records at the Head Office of the Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, and at the Brisbane Regional Office of the Bureau, File 60/2555. [Return to page 311]

89. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939D1945, Series Four (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 320]

90. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, January 1981. [Return to page 320]

91. Air Ministry Report, Met. Research Committee, London, 30 December 1946. [Return to page 320]

92. Personal communication from E. W. Timcke to D. H. Forder, 27 October 1947. [Return to page 321]

93. Personal communication from A. Cornish, 29 September 1982. [Return to page 322]

94. Personal communication from A. Cornish, 29 September 1982. [Return to page 322]

95. Personal communication from A. Cornish, 29 September 1982. [Return to page 324]

96. Mellor, D. P., Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series Four (Civil), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1958. [Return to page 324]

97. The committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damages caused by the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hutchinson. London, 1981, pp. 87-101 [Return to page 325]

98. The committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damages caused by the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hutchinson. London, 1981, pp. 87-101 [Return to page 325]

99. The committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damages caused by the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hutchinson. London, 1981, pp. 87-101 [Return to page 325]

100. Long, G., The Final Campaign. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1963, pp. 555-556 [Return to page 327]

101. Personal communication from B. Eaton (Canberra), 16 March 1981. [Return to page 328]

102. Personal communication from W. J. Gibbs, 1981. [Return to page 331]

103. From the War Report of the Chief of the Air Staff, RAAF—3 September 1939 to 31 December 1945 to Minister for Air. [Return to page 331]

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Joyce, J. 1993 'The Story of the RAAF Meteorological Service', Metarch Papers, No. 5 October 1993, Bureau of Meteorology

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